Eusebius of Caesarea

It is interesting to consider how, centuries before the modern take on the origin of “life, the universe and everything”, the issues in discussion were pretty much the same as they are today.

That the teachers of the early church maintained the biblical line against pagan ideas then, and felt no need to morph the Bible into a text compatible with those ideas, suggests that the same approach would be appropriate today.

Here are a few snippets from Eusebius of Caesarea (263-339): Praeparatio Evangelica (Preparation for the Gospel). Tr. E.H. Gifford (1903) -- Books 1 & 7 where he provides a catalogue of the views held outside the church.

[the sub headings and bold are mine]

…

Well then, in recording the ancient theology of the Egyptians from the beginning, Diodorus, the Sicilian, leads the way, a man thoroughly known to the most learned of the Greeks as having collected the whole Library of History into one treatise. From him I will set forth first what he has clearly stated in the beginning of his work concerning the origin of the whole world, while recording the opinion of the ancients in the manner following.

CHAPTER VII

[DIODORUS] The full account of the ideas entertained concerning the gods by those who first taught men to honour the deity, and of the fabulous stories concerning each of the immortals, I shall endeavour to arrange in a separate work, because this subject requires a long discussion: but all that we may deem to be suitable to our present historical inquiries we shall set forth in a brief summary, that nothing worth hearing may be missed.

But concerning the descent of the whole human race, and the transactions which have occurred in the known parts of the world, we shall give as accurate an account as may be possible about matters so ancient, and shall begin from the earliest times. 'With regard then to the first origin of mankind two explanations have been held among the most accepted physiologists and historians. For some of them, on the supposition that the universe is uncreated and imperishable, declared that the human race also has existed from eternity, their procreation of children having never had a beginning; while others, who thought the world to be created and perishable, said that, like it, mankind were first created within definite periods of time…

'This was at first hardened from the fire round the sun shining upon it, and afterwards, when the surface was thrown into fermentation through the warmth, some of the liquid particles swelled up in many places, and tumours were formed about them surrounded by thin membranes, a thing which may still be seen going on in stagnant pools and marshy places, when upon the cooling of the ground the air becomes suddenly fiery, because the change does not take place in it gradually.

'The moist parts then being quickened into life by the warmth in the way mentioned, during the nights they received their nourishment direct from the mist which falls from the surrounding atmosphere, and during the days became hardened by the heat; and at last, when the pregnant cells attained their full growth, and the membranes were thoroughly heated and burst asunder, all various types of living things sprang up.

…

'It seems that even Euripides, who was a disciple of the physicist Anaxagoras, does not dissent from what has been now said concerning the nature of the universe; for he thus writes in the Melanippe:

"So heaven and earth at first had all one form; But when in place dissevered each from other, They gave to all things birth, and brought to light Trees, birds, and beasts, and all the salt sea's brood, And race of mortal men." 5

'Such are the traditions which we have received concerning the first beginnings of the universe. And they say that the primitive generations of mankind, living in a disorderly and savage state, used to go wandering out over the pastures, and procure for food the tenderest herbage, and the fruits of trees that grew wild: and that when warred on by the wild beasts they were taught by their own interest to help one another, and from gathering together through fear they gradually recognized each other's forms.

…

Thus much writes the aforesaid historian, without having mentioned God even so much as by name in his cosmogony, but having presented the arrangement of the universe as something accidental and spontaneous.

CHAPTER VIII

[PLUTARCH] 'Thales, it is said, was the first of all who supposed that water was the original element of the universe, for that all things spring from it and return to it.

'After him Anaximander, who had been a companion of Thales, said that the Infinite contained the whole cause of both the generation and decay of all things, and out of it he says that the heavens, and, generally, all the worlds, which are infinite in number, have been brought into distinct form…Further, he says that man at first was generated from animals of other kinds…

'Democritus of Abdera supposed that the All is infinite, because there was none who could possibly have framed it: he further says that it is unchangeable; and generally, everything being such as it is, he expressly asserts that the causes of the processes now going on have no beginning, but all things absolutely, past, present, and to come, are wholly fixed beforehand by necessity from infinite time.'

CHAPTER X

'The first principle of the universe he supposes to have been air dark with cloud and wind, or rather a blast of cloudy air, and a turbid chaos dark as Erebus; and these were boundless and for long ages had no limit…From its connexion Mot was produced, which some say is mud, and others a putrescence of watery compound; and out of this came every germ of creation, and the generation of the universe. So there were certain animals which had no sensation, and out of them grew intelligent animals, and were called "Zophasemin," that is "observers of heaven"; and they were formed like the shape of an egg. Also Mot burst forth into light, and sun, and moon, and stars, and the great constellations.'

Such was their cosmogony, introducing downright atheism. But let us see next how he states the generation of animals to have arisen. He says, then:

'And when the air burst into light, both the sea and the land became heated, and thence arose winds and clouds, and very great downpours and floods of the waters of heaven. So after they were separated, and removed from their proper place because of the sun's heat, and all met together again in the air dashing together one against another, thunderings and lightnings were produced, and at the rattle of the thunder the intelligent animals already described woke up, and were scared at the sound, and began to move both on land and sea, male and female.'
BOOK VII

For of all mankind these [Hebrews] were the first and sole people who from the very first foundation of social life devoted their thought to rational speculation; and having set themselves to study reverently the physical laws of the universe, first as to elements of bodies, earth, water, air, fire, of which they perceived that this universe consisted, the sun also, and moon, and stars, they considered them to be not gods, but works of God; for they perceived that the nature of bodily substance is not only irrational but also lifeless, inasmuch as it is ever in flux and liable to perish. They further argued that it is not possible that the order of the whole cosmos, so well and wisely composed, and full as it is of living beings both rational and irrational, should have a spontaneous cause ascribed to it, nor possible to suppose the creative principle of the living to be lifeless, nor the formative principle of the rational to be itself irrational.

But since a building could never be spontaneously composed of timber and stones, nor yet a garment be completed without a weaver, nor cities and states without laws and an order of government, nor a ship without a pilot, nor the smallest instrument of art exist except through an artificer, nor a ship ever gain a sheltering harbour without a good pilot, therefore neither can the nature of the universal elements, lifeless and irrational as it is, ever by its own law apart from the supreme wisdom of God attain to reason and life. With these thoughts then and such as these the fathers of the Hebrew religion, with purified mind and clear-sighted eyes of the soul, learned from the grandeur and beauty of His creatures to worship God the Creator of all.

CHAPTER IX

Let us then begin with God, after having in the first place invoked His aid through our Saviour.

CHAPTER XI

THEIR system then sets forth the first principle of theology by beginning from the power which made and organized the universe, not by syllogistic reasoning or plausible arguments, but in a more dogmatic and didactic manner of divination by aid of the Holy Ghost, under whose inspiration Moses commenced his doctrine of God in the following manner: 'In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.'

Then he says: 'God said, Let there be light, and there was light.' And again: 'God said, Let there be a firmament: and it was so.' And again: 'God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, yielding seed after his kind and in his likeness, and every fruit-tree yielding fruit, whose seed is in itself, after his kind, upon the earth: and it was so.' And again: 'God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven, to give light upon the earth, and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and for years: and it was so.' And again: 'God said, Let the waters bring forth moving creatures of living souls after their kind, and all the fowls of the heaven after their kind: and it was so.' And again: 'Let the earth bring forth four-footed beasts and creeping things and wild beasts of the earth after their kind: and it was so.'

The Scripture then by saying in these places 'God said' represents the divine command, and that God willed all things to be thus made, not, however, that we need suppose Him to speak with a voice and words. But summing up the whole statement, it says: 'This is the book of the generation of heaven, and earth, in the day that God made the heaven and the earth, and all things that are therein.'

Such is the theology of the Hebrews, instructing us that all things subsist by the creative Word of God: and afterwards it teaches that the whole world was not left thus

CHAPTER XVII

HERE again the Phoenician and Egyptian account of the origin of animal life introduced spontaneous generation of all living beings upon the earth including even man, and described one and the same nature as springing forth in the like fortuitous manner from the earth, supposing that there is no difference at all between the irrational and the rational soul and being.

HERMIAS THE PHILOSOPHER: DERISION OF GENTILE PHILOSOPHERS

Interesting to see what was hot back in the 2nd century (or thereabouts)

[Translated by J.A.Giles, 1857]

1. PAUL the blessed apostle, my beloved brethren, writing to the Corinthians who inhabit Laconian Greece, spake saying, "The wisdom of this world is folly in the sight of God" [1 Cor. iii, 19], and he said not amiss. For it seems to me to have taken its beginning from the rebellion of the angels 1; for which cause the philosophers put forth their doctrines, saying things that neither sound the same, nor mean the same as one another. For some of them say that the soul is fire, like Democritus; air, like the Stoics; some say it is the mind; and some say it is motion, as Heraclitus 2; some say it is exhalation; some an influence flowing from the stars; some say it is number in motion, as Pythagoras; some say it is generative water, as Hippo; some say an element from elements; some say it is harmony, as Dinarchus; some say the blood, as Critias; some the breath; some say unity, as Pythagoras; and so the ancients say contrary things. How many statements are there about these things ! how many attempts ! how many also of sophists who carry on a strife rather than seek the truth!

2. Be it so then: they differ about the soul, but have |194 pronounced other things about it in unison: and of others, one man calls pleasure its good, another its evil, and again a third man, its middle state between good and evil. But its nature some call immortal, some mortal, and others say that it remains for a time, but others that it becomes brutalised, others divide it into atoms, others embody it three times, others assign to it periods of three thousand years. For though they do not live even an hundred years, they talk of three thousand years 3 about to come. What then must we term these things? They seem to me, to be a prodigy, or folly, or madness, or rebellion, or all these together. If they have found out anything true, let them agree together about it, or let them join together, and I then will gladly listen to them. But, if they distract the soul, and draw it, one into a different nature, another into a different being, changing one kind of matter for another; I confess I am harassed by the ebbing and flowing of the subject. At one time I am immortal and rejoice; at another time again I become mortal and weep. Anew I am dissolved into atoms: I become water, and I become air: I become fire, and then after a little, neither air, nor fire: he makes me a beast, he makes me a fish 4. Again then I have dolphins for my brothers; but when I look on myself, I am frightened at my body, and I know not how I shall call it, man, or dog, or wolf, or bull, or bird, or snake, or serpent, or chimaera; for I am changed by the philosophers into all the beasts, of the land, of the sea, having wings, of many forms, wild or tame, dumb or vocal, brute or reasoning: I swim, I fly, I rise aloft, I crawl, I run, I sit. But here is Empedocles, and he makes me a stump of a tree.

3. Since then it is not possible for the philosophers by agreeing together to find out the soul of man, they can scarcely be able to declare the truth about the gods or the universe. For they have this audacity, that I may not call it infatuation. For those who are not able to discover their own soul, seek into the nature of the gods themselves; and those who do not know their own body, busy themselves |195 about the nature of the world. In truth they wholly oppose one another about the principles of nature. When Anaxa-goras catches me, he teaches me thus : The beginning of all things is mind, and this is the cause and regulator of all things, and gives arrangement to things unarranged, and motion to things unmoved, and distinction to things mixed, and order to things disordered. Anaxagoras, who says these words, is my friend, and I bow to his doctrine. But against him rise up Melissus and Parmenides. Parmenides indeed, in his poetical works, proclaims that being is one, and everlasting, and endless, and immoveable, and in every way alike. Again then, I know not why I change to this doctrine : Parmenides has driven Anaxagoras out of my mind. But when I am on the point of thinking that I have now a firm doctrine, Anaximenes, catching hold of me, cries out, "But I tell you, everything is air, and this air, thickening and settling, becomes water and air; rarefying and spreading, it becomes aether and fire: but returning into its own nature, it becomes thin air: but if also it becomes condensed, (says he) it is changed." And thus again I pass over to this opinion of his, and cherish Anaximenes.

4. But Empedocles stands opposite chafing, and crying aloud from Aetna 5. The principles of all things are enmity and friendship, the one drawing together, the other separating; and their strife makes all things. But I define these to be, like and unlike, boundless and having bounds, things eternal, and things made. Well done, Empedocles; I follow you now even up to the craters of fire. But on the other hand stands Protagoras, and draws me aside, saying, Man is the term and arbitrement of things, and those are things that fall under sensation: but those which do not so fall are not in the forms of being. Enticed by Protagoras with this description, I am pleased, because every thing or at least the greatest part is left to man. But on the other hand Thales nods the truth to me, defining water to be the principle of all, and that all things are formed out of the moist, and are |196 resolved into the moist,, and the earth rides over the water. Why then should I not listen to Thales the elder 6 of the Ionians? But his countryman Anaximander himself says that eternal motion is an older principle than moisture, and that by it some things are generated, and some things perish. And so let Anaximander be our guide.

5. And is not Archelaus of good repute, who declares that the principles of the whole are heat and cold ? But again in this also the grandiloquous Plato does not agree; saying that the principles are God, and matter, and example. Now then I am persuaded. For how shall I not trust a philosopher who made the chariot of Jupiter ? But behind stands his disciple Aristotle, envying his master for his coach-making. He lays down other principles, to do, and to suffer; and that the active principle is the aether, which is acted on by nothing, but the passive has four qualities, drought, moisture, heat, and cold: for by the change of these into one another all things are produced and perish. We were now tired, changing up and down with the doctrines, but I will rest on the opinion of Aristotle, and let no doctrine henceforth trouble me.

6. But what can I do ? For old men more ancient than these hamstring my soul: Pherecydes saying that the principles are Jupiter, and Tellus 7, and Saturn—Jupiter the aether, Tellus the Earth, and Saturn Time. The aether is the agent, but the earth is passive, and Time in which all created things are comprised. These old men have contentions with one another. For Leucippus, deeming all these things madness, says that the principles are boundless, motionless, and infinitesimal ; and that the lighter parts going up, become fire and air, whilst the heavier parts, subsiding, become water and earth. How long am I taught such things, learning nothing true? Unless else Democritus will set me free from error, declaring that the principles are Existence and Non-existence, and that Existence is full, but Non-existence is empty 8; but the full affects all things by change or by order in the empty. Perhaps I might listen to good Democritus, and should like |197 to laugh with him, did not Heraclitus persuade me otherwise, at the same time weeping and saying, Fire is the principle of all things: it has two states of being, thinness and thickness: the one active, the other passive, the one blending, the other separating. This is enough for me, and I should already be drunk with so many principles: but Epicurus 9 calls me away from thence also, by no means to revile his good doctrine, of atoms and of emptiness. For by the varied and manifold interweaving of these, all things are born and perish.

7. I do not contradict you, my best of men, Epicurus. But Cleanthes 10, raising his head from the well, laughs at your doctrine. And myself also derive from him the true principles, God and matter; and that earth changes into water, and water into air; that the air floats, and that the fire comes to the parts near the earth, that the soul extends through all the world, of which we also, sharing a portion, have the breath of life. Which things then being thus many, another multitude throngs me out of Libya, Carneades, and Clitomachus, and all their followers, treading down all the doctrines of the others, and themselves declaring plainly, that all things are incomprehensible, and that a false imagination always hangs about the truth. What then will become of me, after having toiled so long a time? How can I deliver forth so many doctrines from my mind? For if nothing be comprehensible, truth is gone from men, and vaunted philosophy throws a shade rather than conveys a knowledge of the things that be.

8. But lo, from the old school, Pythagoras and his fellows, grave and silent men, deliver to me other doctrines, as mysteries, and among them this great and ineffable one, HE HATH SAID. The principle of all things is unity, but from its forms and numbers are produced the elements, and the number and form and measure of each of these is thus somehow declared. Fire is completed out of four-and-twenty right-angled triangles, being contained by four equilateral ones. Each equilateral one is composed of six triangles, whence also they liken it to a pyramid. But air is completed by forty-eight triangles, |198 being contained by eight equilateral ones. But it is likened to an octahedron, which is contained by eight equilateral triangles, each of which is divided into six right-angled ones, so that they are forty-eight in all. But water being contained by an hundred and twenty, is likened also to a figure having twenty sides, which indeed consists of twenty-six equal and equilateral triangles .... and ... 11. But the aether is completed of twelve equilateral pentagons, and is similar to a figure having twelve sides, Earth is completed of forty-eight triangles, and is also contained by six equilateral triangles, and is like a cube. For the cube is contained by six squares, each of which extends to four triangles; so that all together are twenty-four.

9. Thus Pythagoras measures the world. But I again, becoming inspired, despise my home, and my country, and my wife, and my children, and I no longer care for them, but mount up into the aether itself, and taking the cubit from Pythagoras, begin to measure the fire. For Jupiter's measuring it is not enough for me. Unless also the great animal, the great body, the great soul, MYSELF, mount into heaven, and measure the aether, the rule of Jupiter is gone. But when I have measured it, and Jupiter has learnt from me, how many angles fire has, I again go down from heaven, and eating olives, and figs and cabbage, I make the best of my way to the water, and with cubit, and digit and half-digit, measure the watery being, and calculate its depth, that I may also teach Neptune, how much sea he rules over. I pass over all the earth in one day, collecting its number and its measure and its forms. For I am persuaded that, such and so great a person as I am, of all things in the world, I shall not make a mistake of a single span. But I know both the number of the stars, and of the fishes, and of the wild beasts, and placing the world in a balance, I can easily learn its weight. About these things then my soul has been earnest until now, to have rule over all things.

10. But Epicurus, stooping towards me, says, "You have |199 measured one world, my friend; there are many and endless worlds 12." I am compelled then again to speak of many heavens, other aethers, and many of them. Come then, without more delay, having victualled yourself for a few days' travel into the worlds of Epicurus. I easily pass its bounds, Tethys and Oceanus. But when I have entered into a new world, and as it were into a new city, I measure the whole in a few days. And from thence I cross back into the world again, then into a fourth, and a fifth, and a tenth, and an hundredth, and a thousandth, and where will it end ? For all things already are the darkness of ignorance to me, and black error, and endless wandering, and unprofitable fancy, and ignorance not to be comprehended: unless else I intend to number the very atoms also, out of which such great worlds have arisen, that I may leave nothing unexamined, especially of things so necessary and useful, from which both houses and cities prosper. These things have I gone through, wishing to point out the opposition which is in their doctrines, and how their examination of things will go on to infinity and no limit, for their end is inexplicable and useless, being confirmed neither by one manifest fact, nor by one sound argument.

Rogue Executives and Darwin

From "The Rise of the Rogue Executive"
Leonard Sayles and Cynthia Smith

"...Contemporary American acquisitive culture has been undercutting the very premises of capitalism: honest reporting and executives who believe they should serve shareholders' interests--not their own investment accounts, a half dozen homes connected by Gulfstream jets and enormous yachts, and their children and grandchildren's comforts. Many conservatives take pride in a social Darwinian culture, survival of the fittest. Losers are less fit and deserve less. But when "survival" is the result of gross deception and self-dealing, a "winner take all' philosophy, evolutionary platitudes are grossly deceptive. Winners may rapaciously suck up too much. Some will find it is easier to win by cheating than by the fierce competition that capitalist theory assumes. This is social Darwinism at its insidious worst."

p. 177

Irrational faith

Quote on leadership from Pfeffer and Sutton "Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths and Total Nonsense":

...the belief that leaders have massive influence over performance turns out to be a half-truth. As leadership researcher James Meindel put it, our culture romanticises leaders, anointing them with 'esteem, prestige, charisma, and heroism' that outstrips the weight of the evidence. Why does this irrational faith in the power of potent individualis persist?

Now, at least this puts the notion of 'leadership' into perspective. I only wish those in Christian ministry uniformily understood that the notion is worldy, and has little if anything to do with the supreme value of service in the New Testament.

It's also worth remembering Mintzberg on 'communityship' in this context.

Faith in a Scientific Age: discussion questions

My answers to questions discussed at our home group, based on the week's sermon (see my discussion of that):

1. What did you take away from the sermon on Sunday?

A: Puzzled that Heb 11:1 was not mentioned, or the basis for Israel's call to faith being God's action in history.

2. How do you think your friends view the relationship between faith and science?

A: Faith is a discretionary entertainment, science is the path to truth about the world, life and relationships between creatures.

3. “Faith is the great cop out, the great excuse to evade the need to think and evaluate evidence. Faith is belief in spite of, perhaps because of, the lack of evidence…Faith, being belief that isn’t based on evidence, is the principal vice of any religion” Richard Dawkins. What is your response to this? What is the place of evidence and thinking when it comes to your Christian faith?

A: Dawkins confuses faith and 'wishful thinking', as do many people, because, in my view, the church has failed in many cases to tell people what faith is. See above on q. 1, and below on q. 7.

4. Gary said that science is never fixed or absolute; it is open to new evidence and then will reassess the current conclusions. Science is simply our current understanding based on the evidence we have today. What are some of the implications of the limits of science?

A: The limits are overstated. Science has a fabulous track record of achievement. The distinction is that science is about the mechanics, and that is all. In a way, its a more clever enterprise, than, but not essentially different from bicycle repair (referring to Bicycle Repair Man of Monty Python fame). This remark also neglects that science is not done in a vacuum, and science-discourse is never value free; it is (and in this connection particularly) captured by a religico-philosophical framing which more than edges science to a non-scientific place. Admiting this significance is what gives rise to the (fake) conflict between 'science' and Christian faith.

5. “Faith and science should not be seen as enemies but as friends, they are complimentary. One focuses on the question of how and the other on the question of why”. Is that how you see things?

A: No. Without Christian faith the world is improperly conceived and science does not prosper. The elephant in the room is always the question of origins and here science is stretched beyond its bounds to deal with an inaccessible singularity. Also, as I discussed in my previous post on this matter, the Jaki-Duhem thesis presents a case for modern science's dependence on Christianity. See also Jordan on Jaki's view of Genesis 1. When seen as coupled but with different takes on reality, I suspect that some ontological ground is being given to 'science' which stands as the front door of the materialist world view, in this context.

6. Francis Collins in the introduction to his book, The Language of God said “for me sequencing the human genome, and uncovering this most remarkable of all texts, was both a stunning scientific achievement and an occasion for worship”. How might science lead us to a deeper worship of God?

A: Clearly by seeing the impossibility of the creation being self-existent (see Romans 1:20).

7. Faith should never be blind or a leap into the dark. There are reasons for our faith. It provides an explanation for the world in which we live. History and archaeology also can be examined to test the biblical revelation. Further, the bible writers themselves provide us with reasons for our faith. Read Luke 1.1-4 together. Luke, a man of science [a doctor] speaks about his work in writing the gospel of Luke. From these verses what gives you confidence in the basis of your faith?

A: The church has not, to my mind, adequately dealt with the legacy of Kierkegaard and the direction Barth points in detaching faith discourse from the real world. Until it does and connects the Christian response to God with his revelation in the Bible with the world God created, we are hamstrung, and risk being seen as not having anything to say that's worth listening to.

8. Jesus made many incredible claims about who he was [eg. God in the flesh] and why he came [eg. to deal with our sins]. Read Mark 2.1-12 together. He makes an incredible claim here and provides proof that he has authority to forgive this man’s sins. What is the significance to you of the miracles of Jesus?

A: The creator intervening in his creation; but his creation as a unified domain of wisdom, love, material and moral purpose.

Reasons for Faith: in an age of science

Our sermon at church this morning was on this topic. Today and next week the minister is discussing "reasons for faith", today (2 May 10) he addressed 'faith in a scientific age".

You can hear the talk at www.stmattsweb.org.au

The talk sketched some of the salient biblical issues, although the quoting of Frances Collins and Henry Schaefer suggests a view of the biblical text that detaches it at some point from history: which is what both Collins and Schaefer do, in my opinion; although I probably don't think it is part of an intentional program on their part (I've heard Schaefer speak and read some of Collins' work, see also a review of Collins book "The Language of God").

Leaving that problem aside, the quotes made of these two men did encourage an approach to the Scriptures as determinative of at least our approach to God.

The problem though, if any move is made to sever the Bible from the world it sets itself in, as reading my previous post would suggest, is that it overturns the Bible's resistance to such compartmentalisation of the real world into differentiable 'magisteriums', to adopt Stephen Gould's phrase, and the approach that is reflected by Collins and Schaefer, as I understand them.

And, for that reason, the title of the sermon itself: faith in an age of science, suggests at the outset a bifucated real world, where there seem to be two domains coming from the one creator (or is an independent creation implied...I can never tell; and I'll bet that you can't either). This just cannot work in the Bible's creation theology: the world is a unitary creation; which is to say, that the creator created it comprehensively, and there are no other principles operating.

The talk our minister gave took the approach that science describes 'how' but faith tells why. Trouble is, the Bible purports to tell how as well, for that elephant that is always in the room when it comes to 'science' and 'faith' or 'religion': the question of origins. Now, when it comes to this topic, science is hamstrung: origins is not observable, and any discussion of it in terms of 'science' is inevitably influenced by religious-type considerations. That is, the view that long ages and random process together are a sufficient (and necessary) explanation of the world that we experience. This is a view soaked in a particular 'religious' view and entails specific assumptions about the operation of the real world, assumptions that cannot be tested because a singularity such as creation is inaccessible to direct observation. For a Christian, it should be that the history in the Bible takes us to where observation cannot.

A couple of topics that the sermon did not probe, but that are germane, in my view are:

1. the dependence of science on a prior world view; which is established both logically and empirically (see for instance these books by Stanley Jaki, Peter Harrison and James Hannam and the corollary need for a specific philosophical framework for successful science as we know it,

and

2. the specific direction the Bible takes us in addressing the 'real' and the demand of the text of Genesis 1 to be taken as a direct account of actions within time and space that originated the world.

Topically, Richard Dawkins was quoted on faith; ironic, because he's not that much of a spokesman for evolution (see his interview here). Dawkins' quote was about faith being held in the absence of facts. It would have been interesting to expose this to the biblical definition of faith, read against the biblical background running from Genesis to Jesus, with faith being held against God's consistent delivery of his promises. It would also have been interesting to consider the inescapable faith position of all materialists, including Dawkins. As I see it, 'faith', or rather belief is the 'first existential movement', or the epistemic opening of the mind. Without an initial belief in the mind, and the congruence of its thoughts with the or an external world, and thus the validity of these thoughts, materialism, let alone anything else, gets nowhere.

Finally, I was reading Francis Schaeffer recently, where he said:

"But whatever is not of faith is sin" (Rms 14:23b). The sin here is in not raising the empty hands of faith. Anything that is not brought forth from faith is sin. When I am not allowing this fruit, which has been purchased at such a price, to flow fourth through me I am unfaithful, in the deep sense of not believing God."

Considering this in the light of 2 Corinthans 10:5, noting that setting aside the words of God ends up giving glory to the creation, not the creator (Roms 1:23) (not to say Col 2:8), and I think we too easily restrict the operation of faith to the 'religious' realm (due to poor theology of creation, naturally), and forget that as creator, God is over all, and all comes from his hand (Heb 11:3, just to close the circle).

Addendum 1

In the talk I heard Schaefer give, he made the comment that he didn't mind if the universe was either 15 or 20 billion years old (or whatever the two contending fashions were at the time of his talk, some many years ago); trouble is; God does care, because he sets his creation in accessible history by showing its link with our history frame: the very point of the chrono-genealogies, and his very specific timing of creation see here. That is to say, the creation and related text does not take us off this world, or out of its frame of reference, as myth does quite intentionally, but embeds its set of events into the world the events we experience today are in.

Addendum 2

The minister related that when people ask him his job, and he tells them, at once asking if they have any thoughts about ‘religion’ (and what a nice way of opening up a conversation), that some people say that they are not a person of faith, but of science.

Well, after reading Jaki, what a great opening to an extended conversation: that science (modern science) rides on the back of its Christian heritage and the Christian world view that grew through the middle ages.

This would be likely to surprise many people, and lead to a great discussion on why people have the views that they do.

On Barrett on Adam

With the kind permission of the editor of the Journal of Creation, below is a letter of mine published in that Journal recently.

I was pleased to read Lita Cosner's paper "Christ as the last Adam..." in Creation 23(3) 2009. I hope it is the forerunner of more theological work on matters related to creation.

She quoted Barrett's consideration of the unimportance of the historicity of Adam, and rightly, to my mind, disagreed with it.

I fear that Barrett's sentiments are widely held by Christians, if without clear articulation; that is, I think they are held unconsciously by many people, lead by those theologians who do make their case clearly.

There is a thread running through much of Western theology that seemingly rests on a view of the world that is perversely not biblical. Why I say this is that I read the Bible itself as displaying a  'concrete realist' regard for the world and relations within it. Much theology is in debt to some form or other of philosophical idealism: the upshot of idealism is that one seems to be able to hold one set of axioms applying to the real world where we live and shop (try being an idealist in the supermarket), and refer to another set with application only to a world (the 'ideal' world) whose intersection with this world is purely verbal, or ideal, to allow the idealists to be consistent without disconforming pressure from the world he/she moves around in.

Idealists, particularly theological ones, would seem to be able to believe any number of contradictory things before breakfast, and particularly in theology can believe that the Bible at once has God creating, and at the same time the cosmos bringing itself into being, but argued from differing premises without relinquishing the final common relationship.

I don't think that this stands up to biblical scrutiny, let alone logical analysis.

So, Barrett's view fails: while it is true that 'sin and death' are empirically established as part of human experience, this is not Paul's point. His point in tracing it back to Adam is to do two things (if not three!), as I see it.

1. He refers us to the Genesian creation account as basic to the interplay of God and man and to remind us that death and sin were not part of the creation. Rather, they are the result of a breach in the relationship between God and his image-bearing creation, man (the interplay gone wrong) and therefore as not inherent in the creation and thus are theoretically correctable! In Christ, of course, they are actually corrected and will be shown to be corrected in the new creation. If they were inherent, then we are stuck with them (and stuck with death, contradictorily from him in whom is life: John 1:4 and on whose creation death is an intruder: Gen 2:17 in the light of Gen 1:26a and 1 Cor. 15:26!).

2. He reminds us that Adam's history, including the fall and thus sin, Christ, and our experience today (his day...our day by induction) are ontologically contiguous. There is no idealist breach in the coordinates of their contiguity; to suggest that  there may be ontological discontinuity between them would suggest that reality is other than revealed in the Bible, that there are elements to it that are either not revealed to us, or might be also 'given' and independent of God. Such elements might introduce something between God and man other than Christ (some 'principle' such as may be required by theistic evolution), or tell us that there is more to creation (that which will have an influence on us) than is shown between God and his creation as explained in the Bible...but how would or could we know...it takes us to the endless and fruitless speculation that has often dogged Christian theology with mysticism, for example, to retain this premis of convenience.

2a (or maybe 3). He must needs reference the creation as from God's hand by God's will and done by his word as also sharing time and space coordinates that place it in the same structured reality as that we occupy, and in the same terms as our experience: that is, the events that constituted creation are events as we know events, and do not, probably cannot, refer to another type of event that does not have the same time-space participation that is had by events that follow from will as we know them. This also indicates that our relationship with God, as personal, is personal in equivalent terms to other relationships: our engagement with God, through Christ, is real and substantially concrete; it is to have effects in our life and is not just an 'idea' with no relational or existential consequence within the concrete terms of our world.

The converse, that Barrett would have us entertain, must, I think, undo all this.

But it is not only Barrett who suggests that we need to take Genesis, and the way it frames reality, differently from how we frame the everyday world. Almost every theologian who wants to accommodate the dictates of materialism must do the same thing; perhaps unwittingly, but maybe not.

This comes to the fore in the incoherence of the claim that Genesis 1 tells us a whole bunch of things about the creation, which are deduced from the text, but deny that the text means anything in the terms that it uses, and that its scope is not concordant with the world that it on its face describes and refers to (I was particularly struck by this line when I received an invoice from my child's Jewish pre-school; the year was noted as being well into the 5 thousands). So one wonders at the basis for such an alternative philosophical framework: where does the account touch the real if at every point its content is denied in real terms; but maintained in some other terms whose reference frame is never articulated, nor given any basis in the only world that we have access to, and which is the world of encounter between God and us. That is the creation which provides the setting for covenant between God and us.

Discontinuity between the reference frames necessarily flows from denial of the congruence of the Genesis 1 text with the world it seemingly has in its sights. But the discontinuity is self refuting, at least at some level, because it cannot make reference to anything that would sustain the discontinuity apart from a view of the world which at the outset denies the biblical world-conception (hardly a commendation for an approach to the Bible) and has more in common with a paganistic removal of the creator from our world of interaction, or with materialist failure to accommodate the non-material at all.

So, is the choice then that Barrett and his ilk must entertain an imagined world to mount their criticism of the historicity of Adam and hope they maintain a Christian theology, or reject the Bible in the terms in which it couches itself, and therefore ask as to believe them with no adequate basis for such belief, but in doing so render such a theology un-Christian and counter-biblical.

Another "leadership" genius

Just for the record, another churchly genius who thinks that people and not the Holy Spirit "lead" the church. Apart from that barb, the site appears to have some interesting material.

See my own crits. of this notion.

Trojan Horse?

I came across a nice piece on Euangelion on theistic evolution, picking up a piece on Rick Phillip's blog. about the same thing (A hermeneutical trojan horse).

One particular statement caught my attention:

...why can't you American Presbyterians do the same and recognize that the literalness of Genesis 1-3 is a secondary matter to faith and order?

 One finds it hard to know where to start a response to this question.

At root, it seems to imply that faith (and therefore order, which must logically depend upon it) can somehow exist apart from content. By content I don't mean the form of words in Genesis 1, where God presents himself as creator by delineating his creative deeds, but content as actual creative events; because I think that the point of scripture is that actuals underly the words, and the words do not float in a Barthian 'theosphere' above our real concrete world.

God's actions are real and concrete: the whole tenor of scripture is riven with this: it is about actuals, not virtuals, suggestions, allusions or sheer imagination. Therefore faith comes as a result of understanding the implications of the actuals for us; to suggest otherwise is to send faith on the path to wishful thinking.

BTW, I didn't see the rancour in Phillip's blog that Bird finds; however I do agree with his concluding remark.

Sometime after I posted this, I found myself browsing an article by Lawrence Wood "History and Hermeneutics: A Pannenbergian Perspective". (the link is to an index, the article is in  v.16 n.1 1981) Of some interest, not that I'd agree with aspects of it, but its crit of Barthian influences is right, IMO. 

Silence!

Worthwhile post on the silence of Christians in the face of persecution: not silence as Christ's, but silence as Judas'.

Theologian strikes out; or God has trouble communicating!

I never thought I'd do this, but to roughly paraphrase Karl Barth, we should never allow current scientific views to  determine our approach to the text of Scripture. I think of Genesis 1 in particular, and furthermore, I have in my mind a discussion that I heard about with a lecturer in OT at a Sydney Bible school.

The essential points in discussion were the usual things: Genesis is of a genre that precludes its direct meaning; the creation of the sun is 'out of sequence' therefore we need to turn our ear to 'science' to determine what really happened in the beginning.

Well, what are we to make of this? A theologian whose mental parameters are set, it would seem, not by the Word of God, but by contemporary naturalism. I can't help thinking that Norman Geisler's essay 'Beware of Philosphers' (link to Geisler here) should be required reading for all in the church: each year! Because here we have an example of what can happen when contemporary philosophy bends an approach to scripture away from the Bible's own premises and corrupts its revelation to an obscuration.

The starting point for considering the views expressed (and note, this is just based on a report of the conversation/s I heard, and may not fully reflect or understand the lecturer), is his comment that the creation of the sun on day 4 is 'out of order'.

So who sets the order? Is the Bible internally incoherent, or are the nostrums of materialism used to 'set' the order against which the Bible is out of step? Its a sad day when Biblical exegesis fails to follow the Spirit's revelation, but instead holds it up for comparison against the words of that cultural movement whose starting point is that there is no God!

But it is not just a problem of a brute contest between word and fact (as though people are able to define the starting of the universe, not having been there, and inevitably conforming speculation to prior world view commitments), but one of theological disposition.

It would seem that the lecturer's dispositon is to excise from the Bible any content that he assesses is not relevent to his take on the history of salvation (I assume), as rendered by (a) its seeming disconformity to current culturally established (not scripturally established) beliefs and (b) his possible view that the Bible can only speak to what he says it can speak to (2 John 9 springs to mind: the NSRV gives a helpful rendering).

The failure is one that is long in the tooth for theology, reflecting noetic and cultural influences that extend back to the idealism of Ancient Greece, pre-digested by Plotinus and the German Idealists, for example. This results in regarding the physical world as a 'given' in effect, and its creation not significant to the intercourse of God and man: creator and creature. And as soon as its put in these terms, how ridiculous is the stricture on the Bible's scope: But, no! The Creator gives us the setting for that intercourse. It tells us much about himself, the creation and its relationships. For example, it is a real physical world (these are our bounds) we live in that was very good in conception and execution, for us to revel in fellowship with God and each other, but is profoundly effected by the Fall: that the fall, a moral rent, has had physical effects underscores the importance in God's creation of the physical, the creation as a whole, and influences us in our relationships as its stewards.

Part of the broad river of interpretation that sets the Bible as subservient to modern naturalism has it that for various textual reasons, the Genesian account of creation is less than revelatory, being more metaphorical or symbolic. But if not factual, symbolic of what? Whence the information about the creation, if the creator cannot reliably give it; and how seriously are we to take the credentails of the creator if the only way he can tell us what happened, demonstrating his credentials, is to tell us something other than what happened and the only means he gives of locating it in historical relation to us gives no such information! You may as well use a photograph of a jet plane to travel overseas!

But does the text itself say 'metaphor', 'symbolic' or suggest any other indirect reference system? I don't think so. The simple fact of direct action historical grammar makes this whole passage the very opposite of symbolic. It is concrete: God said, it happened. There is no allusive process here, no playing with vague referents or figures of speech (see note below on chiasmus). The account is a simple list of days (and thus the repetition) and what happened on them: it is a very compressed, economical, and at the same time majestic passage, with very high fact density: it is all about the action and its results with the only adornment being God's judgement of it as 'good' and 'very good'. Compare that with the meandering nonsense of Enuma Elish, for example.

The only reason to say that it did not or could not happen thus is to have other information; but there is no other information from the creator; and contemporary evolutionary speculations, themselves making the naturalist assumption (the universe made itself: an even bigger miracle!), were not foreign to the ancient world. So it is obtuse to claim that God had no interest in giving us real information that grounds his covenant and simply tendentious to maintain that God was accommodating to lesser minds: itself a reference to evolutionary speculation and unbiblical. On biblical grounds the early people would have to write to accommodate our lesser minds, subject of generations of degrading mutations (Just think of the intellectual powerhouse that Adam was, to name the various animals in a day in the first record of scientific activity)!

But back to the sun being 'out of order' (which is a peculiar take on the text, in my view).

The apparent 'problem' I think that our friend sees is that the evening and morning sequence commences from the first word of creation while the sun is provided on day 4 as a marker of times.

How, I wonder, is this a problem? Do we need the sun to 'make' time? I don't think so! Do we need changes in lighting conditions to persuade us that days are passing? Again, I don't think so.

The text indicates, I think, that the HS is not interested in telling us about lighting conditions per se; these are merely markers of time passing and not the time passing itself (to mistake the markers for the time itself is a 'magical' or pagan view, I would think, not a Christian one), but is very concerned with the passing of time, and what time interval precisely is passing. The enumeration of passing days before D4 reinforces how important this is, and that the markers of time (sun moon stars) do not make time, but only serve to mark its passing for us (this implies then that time was made on day 1 as part of the coming to existence of the physical cosmos). The fact that there are no markers before D4 brings our attention to the enumeration of passing days: its an arresting usage and excludes a metaphorical understanding of the time, it is as though the writer wanted to make certain that we understood that he was talking about days as we know them: evening and morning type days. Thereby emphasising that understanding the time period is critical to understanding God, his creation, our history and relationships. Detaching this time from the markers stresses its importance, I think. This is a 'pay attention' moment, and the time must be profoundly significant to be given the prominence that it has been given. If we attempt to develop any other understanding of this passage, I think it immediately implies that we conceive of uncreated things apart from God, a view, an implication, inimical to entry into a biblical world-view.

Two small matters:

1. Some people think that the lighting conditions might vary with some sort of light source and a spinning world giving diurnal change prior to D4; but this is neither required nor implied. Certainly, light was made first; well, one could argue that raw matter was made first (earth without form and void: the subsequent verses clearly set about the filling, so the first verse simply points to the work of the subsequent verses); then light, as representative of the energy spectrum is necessary for all the rest to proceed. No light, no anything else.

2. This doesn't help with an understanding of 'separating light and darkness' which is clearly there to teach us something (as is all Scripture...but it doesn't teach us what we want, as those who accommodate to the world would hope, but what it wants, to correct and rebuke us, and bring us to God for life); maybe it refers to some physical process to do with energy and 'raw matter'; but I'll leave that to others to consider.

On Chiasmus

Some people make much of the chiasmus they find and claim that this, along with the list-like repetitions in the passage, indicate that it is not an account of actual events. However, chiasmus is a structuring device used in many documents, including those we know to be historical, and was common in ancient literature. One possible reason being to clearly delineate the text unit in a language without punctuation or formatting that we use today to structure our texts, the other is that it makes the text memorable for both memorising and oral repetition. The repetition is simply an artefact of the list form and allows a compressed conveying of detail without further elaboration. These days we'd provide a numbered list instead, nicely formatted by our word processor.

See this article by Kay and this also by Kay.

What's wrong with Christianity

Greg Clarke from the Centre for Public Christianity spoke at a recent meeting at St Philip's York St. His topic was along the lines of why Christianity makes such little headway these days.

I offered to him the following thoughts:

1. Recently I heard a sermon from the archbishop of Sydney, Peter Jensen who mentioned along the way the 'cringe' that many Christians feel when a 'public' Christian speaks on the live media (TV, radio). He thought the cringe might be because they would talk about the gospel; but in my case the cringe, which does occur, is because they reduce Christian faith to some naff disconnected credal statement, cute moralism or unsubstantiated rhetoric. Rarely do I hear an intellectually strong case made that properly foots the gospel in terms that would make sense to the audience. Nothing of the existential calibre of Paul's Mars Hill address.

So the irreligious have Richard Dawkins as their poster boy, with the Christian faith seen (for those who saw the ABC's Q&A a couple of weeks ago) as given voice by Senator Fielding, who was clearly caught off guard (more discussion on Senator Fielding on Q&A here) but there seems to be little public Christian discussion that would confront the 'way we are' in the popular mind with the gospel.
Indeed, not only does most Christian media discourse fail in this regard; that is, it either underplays the gospel, or assumes a dumber than average audience, but it also tends to be accepting of the way people frame the world: that is generally materialist/naturalist, so they hear the discourse as cast within their own world-concept (and reject it) and not as a viable or cogent challenge to it.

2. The formal connection we attempt to make with people (I mean in public proclamation) in many cases also seemingly plays below people's mental capability and human dignity: disengaged (that is, not answering the question 'how is this going to connect with my life concerns?'), but also dumb (and sometimes failing to recognise that lots of people have a level of spiritual interest, if not Christian).
I note in the NRSV that Paul is often stated as 'arguing' with people about the faith. I take this as not an angry fight, but as a discussion (engaged, involved, attentive, responsive) about reasons for belief. In our proclamation we rarely do this, in my experience; so people remain uninvolved in the discourse...and as McLuhan has said, the message given by our medium is 'be uninvolved' (I think of sermons and other one way communication particularly).

3. The final element that sprang to mind was relevance. Some years ago a person I know was faced with very pointed family distress. He attended church (with his family) and the sermons went on airily attempting to expound the Bible, but nothing seemed to be in touch with his world (that is, again, disconnected from people's life interests or needs): there was no opportunity for prayerful support, or indeed prayer itself, as the church servants (ministers) were intent on moving the congregation out for the next service to start. Then the only thing was the morning tea, where people tended to triumph their successes rather than being available for confidential intimacy and prayerful support for each other. It took me some effort to encourage this person to keep attending, but it was touch and go. He almost become one of the many Christians who refuse to attend church meetings.

4. I wonder if our induction of people into Christian faith could also be a factor. A simple intro to the faith says 'this is simple'. No challenge made means no challenge available, or worthy of a novice.

My impression of the induction of new disciples is that we go lightly instead of equating our action with the seriousness of Christian faith and inviting people to its riches.

Now, I've got no idea of what might be done generally, or what the span of practices is, but I tend to think that few churches have a structured introduction that is sufficient to the task.

What I've heard suggests to me that we go lightly with a read of Mark's gospel, then simply turn up to 'church' and Bible studies (adult Sunday School/home groups). But I'd like to see a structured decent length series of experiences for a new Christian (thinking older youth to adult here). Over a two year period, it would include seminars, and at least a weekend (a couple?) if not a week away at a 'retreat' for study, reflection, prayer and counselling with an older Christian.

[Just on 'retreats', I attended a Capernwray fellowship school when I was younger and was impressed that their attitude was serious about the Bible, about prayer and living the Christian life, but also serious about enjoyable surroundings: it was in a converted country estate; serious about enjoyable food and appreciation of a thoughtful approach to the physical and aesthetic aspects of life: no hair shirts, but no indulgence either.]

The experiences would include directed reading of the Bible: perhaps the entire Pentateuch, one major or a few minor prophets (Isaiah would be my choice), a selection of Psalms, and in the NT Luke's gospel, Acts, and either Romans or the trio of Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians (hmm, now have I got the order right?) then, say James then Revelation. That would be a year's reading with suitable brief guide notes to contextualise the books.

There should also be theological reading and reflection in a group context; perhaps a few churches could join together for this, to encourage theological thinking, connecting thought with life and modelling prayer. To the extent possible, I'd want to encourage the reading of proper theologians too, not popular reductions.

Lastly, I'd include reading and discussion on church/theological history, Christian social action (including actually doing some), and current issues of Christian practice (connection with everyday life), thought and proclamation (encountering contemporary world views).

The message this would send is that Christian faith is a serious business and needs to be seriously taken up. I think the message that any light-weight induction into the faith sends is that Christian life is at the level of cake baking: simple recipes done quickly with no profound impact on life.

This post at Evangelion is a nice link on teaching theology.

Evolution: April fooled you?

Is 'evolution is a fact' really an April Fool's joke? It seems to be when you expand the definition.

Templeton undoing 'religion'.

Another of the blogs I watch that had an article of interest: it touches the intersection of 'religion' and science. Of course, for most religions, and for much Christian theology, this is fine. But its not biblical!

Atheist? Just don't bother!

In a recent press report the Governor of the Reserve Bank, Glenn Stevens, was reported as linking his Christian faith with aspects of his work during a speech he gave at a Christian gathering.
There was the usual run of silly comments that press articles attract (very rarely to they attract reasoned debate, of any kind…they’re akin to the local bus stop for quality of observation and argument), but one that took my eye was this:

“Oh great, another one in a position of power that believes in the magic man in the sky”

This represents a typical line of cynicism that is used with some frequency in recent times: cute but pointless;
Well, almost pointless, because there is a response.
Christians don’t ‘believe in a magic man in the sky’. For a start we don’t believe that God has a spatial characteristic. Perhaps criticism of Christian belief should start with an understanding of its text, the Bible! Then you may as well develop a clear understanding of the meaning of the distinction between the Old and New Testaments.
 
I'd say something like this:

"You don't act as though God doesn't exist (that will get most atheists worked up!): Why? You act as though your thoughts have real meaning and signfiicance; if there was no God and material was the ultimate basis of all that is, I don't see how anything would have genuine significance; after all, it would all be mere material, and as we know, material has no thoughts."

If you have no belief in God, in Christian terms: that is the creator and sustainer of the cosmos who is the author of life, relationships and volition, then your thoughts, intentions and love only have accidental utility and no significance beyond a random collision of material particles; for a Christian, they have genuine validity and are reflective of the ultimately personal; that mind produced matter, and not the other way around.

If mind comes from matter, then it matters about as much as matter itself does: not much.

If matter comes from mind, then we know that mind matters above matter, which is how we mind our matter in the first place.

Sacred Science Book

A comment on my post on Darwin's novels mentioned an entry on another blog that connected for the commenter.

That blog is a couple of years old, but an interesting post on the Bible is not a science text.

BTW, I don't entirely 'follow' the blog I got this off....its a tad fiesty for my inclinations; but this post had a connection for me. Maybe it does for you too.

Servant Leadership?

Caught this quote, from the fellow who invented the term 'servant-leader', with a critical comment on the idea. It is from Creating Leaderful Organisations by Joseph Raelin (Berrett-Koehler Publications, San Francisco 2003)

Darwin's novels

I took some time off from a recent conference I attended to browse a local bookshop. In the history section I picked up Darwin’s two novels: the Origin of the Species and the Descent of Man, thinking I must re-read them.

As I was mulling over those who think that Darwinism’s ideas as they have now transmogrified inform the Genesis creation account. I don’t think Darwin saw it that way, though; and nor have many other commentators who consider that account of origins as in diametric competition with the biblical account.

The very title of Darwin’s “Origin of Species” in the light of its content, sets it at odds with Genesis 1.

Indeed, the claim at the outset denies that Genesis 1 does provide any information about origins, because if not self-sufficient, then how accurate? After all, if it did provide information (and not a mythic tale, as some seem to think it is), and was accepted, there would be no need for a competing account!

Darwin clearly thought that his thoroughgoing materialism set to right people’s views of the origin of life and all its forms, denying in terms that there was any real alternative and the alternative explanations offered being merely emergent from the materialism that he proposed as what is finally real.

But Darwin did more than make a claim about sources; he implicitly made a claim about the metaphysically basis for our take on final questions. This is not simply a claim about a technical matter that can be relegated to science’s closet of details, but is an over-arching statement about the nature of the world and our place in it, that has to throw other such claims into competition in their own ‘struggle for survival’

In Darwin’s formulation, man is attached to the soil, but without any ‘breathed in-ness’ of God, and no modelling by God, but by chance; this breaking the relationship of love and joining us not to a person, reflecting his image, but to dust, inevitably seen as being it its image; arisen in a struggle for existence that refers not to a very good creation, which is devoid of struggle, but to an already broken world where the hand of God is obscured by our rejecting of his kinship.

That Darwin sets out from a completely different starting point to the Bible is evident in that struggle for existence in Darwin presupposes and is based on a world in pain. The “Origin of Species’” claim of ultimacy detaches us from the personal and plants us squarely in the material. There is no middle ground.

Earthworm?

I was more than amused to read that the English polemicist Richard Dawkins likened Senator Fielding, to the Senator’s disadvantage, to an ‘earthworm’in his (Dawkins) recent outing in Melbournes festival of atheism.

My amusement was not for Dawkins, for his rapier wit, or delightful use of language; none of which was in evidence in the jibe, but against him; and for Fielding.

The background to this is that on an ABC TV program, Sen. Fielding aligned himself with those who believe that the creation is but a few thousand years old, as against the those who think that the cosmos, and earth to boot, are many billions of years old.

Dawkins was on the same program and declared the young age to be a ‘non-trivial error’, akin to thinking that the United States was only 8 metres from coast to coast.

I agree, it is a non-trivial error, but on the other foot. Dawkins’ position is akin to thinking that the United States is wider than the Earth!

But my amusement?

Dawkins, if you’ve not detected, or do not know, adheres at least implicitly to philosophical materialism: he thinks, or so it seems, that what exists is only material, or the result of material; thus mind is an epiphenomenon of matter, as is language and, for that matter, grand opera; but so, of course, are love, intellect,  and ideas.

When thinking of this, I think of Darwin’s recursive defeater; he observed something along the lines that if his idea of evolution was the result of random changes in a monkey’s brain, then what would commend it to our attention: the whole of our world becomes just a jangle of atoms aimlessly rearranged by mute forces. Whence ‘aimfulness’ when all that is real is mere aimlessness? How, then does anything have any meaning: everything has the same status and is finally a value-free pile of material; and nothing else.

So Dawkins’ comparing Fielding to an earthworm falls flat. What after all, is the basis for comparing intelligence in a material world where random material action has caused everything? With the only final point of reference being material, Dawkins can say nothing meaningful about either himself or Fielding and so his claim has no content, unless he can explain how value is derived from material when there is no reference for value within a material universe and no source outside it.

God used evolution?

I was discussing with a friend the notion that God might have used evolution to complete the creation.


We were talking about Wilder-Smith’s wonderful book “God: To Be or Not To Be” and came to the conclusion that for God to have used evolution he would have had to make it do that which it is not able to do.

That is, he would have to use change processes not to produce chance outcomes, but purposed outcomes. He would have to inject teleology into that which is purely stochastic.

But that means he would have made a thing (chance) which could not achieve his ends (a creative purpose) and so work against the thing made (chance); which is to say, that he couldn’t have used chance at all, because chance leads to dissolution, not creation!

So God could only conceivably use chance to create by not using chance at all, but by over-riding (guiding, people might like to suggest!) it. The very notion breaks down under the weight of its own incoherence.

Evolution weekend

A quote from a newsletter I received recently:

The compatibility, or lack thereof, of evolution and faith remains a hot debate among Christians. Prominent evangelical [Ecumenist] theologian Dr. R. Albert Mohler Jr. has said he finds it impossible to reconcile the two. While he does not deny that changes do take place in the animal kingdom and that there is even a process of natural selection, he firmly rejects theistic evolution and the argument that the process is entirely natural and in no case supernatural.
"God was not merely fashioning the creation of what was already pre-existent, nor was He merely working with a process in order to guide it in some generalized way, nor was He waiting to see how it would turn out," Mohler has said.

Which question?

Thinking further on  my previous post which was just a quote from Schaeffer's True Spirituality:
Schaeffer's driving us back to a universe that is at root personal indicates that final questions are of 'the personal' and not of material.
So discussion of origins, for instance, with all that such discussions suggest for 'first philosohpy' and how we make an ontological structure of our world (that is our conceptualisation of the world...the world in our head) comes up as either a question that is finally personal; that is, related to God and thus the only connection we have in these terms is the creation account in Genesis 1, and its corollaries throughout the Bible, or is finally material, when, to my mind, the question recurses upon itself and becomes its own annhialator.
If ultimate questions are finally material, then there is no real ultimacy to them, as the question becomes merely an arrangement of material and has no meaning beyond that arrangement.
This then puts Satre's first question into an interesting light. I think it was Satre, who proposed that the basic philosophical question is "why is there something, rather than nothing?"
From a materialist perspective the question is strange. It seems to ask about reasons, which are an attribute of personal volition, rather than causes in a strick mechanistic causal sense. If it is mere the latter, then the question is highly uninteresting, becuase it will just give us matter 'all the way back' and so grind to a halt in a tiresome regress. That is, it will tell us nothing more than we (think we) know now: that material is all we've got! We end up where we start out.
 However, if it is a question of reasons, then it is interesting. Only, how can it be answered if it is denied that the universe is finally personal?

A couple of articles that I think overlap:

Terry Mortenson on philosphical naturalism and Normal Geisler on beware of philosophy

A Christian philosophy?

I wonder if this is the starting point of a Christian philosophy. It's from Schaeffer's "True Spirituality" the beginning of chapter 5.

Its a long quote, but please stick with it.

Our generation is overwhelmingly naturalistic. There is an almost complete commitment to the concept of the uniformity of natural causes in a closed system. This is its distinguising mark. If we are not careful, even though we say we are biblical Christians and supernaturalists, yet nevertheless the naturalism of our generation tends to come in upon us. It may infiltrate our thinking without our recognising its coming, like a fog creeping in through a window opened only half an inch. Immediately, Christians begin to loose the reality of their Christian life. As I travel about and speak in many countries, I am impressed with the number of times I am asked by Christains about the loss of the reality. Surely this is one of the greatest, and perhaps the greatest reason for a loss of reality: that while we say we believe one thing, we allow the spirit of the naturalism of the age to come in upon us, unrecognised. All too often the reality is lost becuase the 'ceiling' is down too close upon our heads. It is too low. And the 'ceiling' which closes us in is the naturalistic type of thinking.
Now the Christian's spirituality, as we wrote of it in the previous chapters, does not stand alone. It is related to the unity of the Bible's view of the universe. Theis means that we must understand--intellectually, with the windows open--that the universe is not what our genreation says it is, seeing only the naturalistic universe. This relates directly to what we have been dealing with in the earlier chapters. For example, in chapter one we have said that we are to love God enough to say 'thank you' even for the difficult things. Now surely, we must immediately understand, as we say this, that this has no meaning whatsoever unless we live in a personal universe in which there is a personal God who objectively exists. To claim that we are to say 'thank you' to God in the midst of the hard things of life, without this being framed in the reality of a personal universe, in which a personal God objectively  exists, makes 'thank you' an absolutely meaningless phrase.
Similarly, in study two we  touched upon the same thing, when we saw that in the normal perspective it is very difficult to say 'no' to things and to self, in the things mentality and the self-mentality of men, especially in the twentieth century. But we saw that on the Mount of Transfiguration we were brought  face to face with a su pernatural universe. Here we find Moses and Elijah speaking to Christ as he is glorified. And we saw that this supernautural universe is not a far-off universe. Quite the contrary: there is a perfect continuity, as in normal life. So (Luke 9:37) the day after these things had occurred Jesus and the disciples went down the mountain and entered into the normal things of life. Indeed, the normal sequence was continuing while they were there on the mountain. There is a perfect example of the temporal and spatial relationship here. As they went up and climbed the mountain, there was no place where they passed into the philosophic other. As they went up the inclined plain of the mountain, there was no break. And if they had had watches upon their wrists, these watches would not have stopped at some point: they would have ticked away.  and when they came down, it was the next day and the normal sequence had proceeded. Here we find the supernatural world in relationship to the normal sequence and spatial relationships of the presesnt world.
Also in chapter two we considered Christ's redemptive death, which has no meaning whatsoever outside the relationship of a supernatural world. The only reason the words 'redemptive death' have any meaning is because there is a personal God who exists and, more than that, has a characrer. He is not morally neutral. When man sins against the character, which is the law of the universe, he is guilty, and God will judge that man on the basis of true moral guilt. In such a setting, the words 'the redemptive death of Christ' have meaning, otherwise they cannot.
Now we must remember what we are talking about: the fact that the true Christiain life, as we have examined it, is not to be separated from the unity of the full biblical teaching: it is not to be abstracted from the unity of the Bible's emphasis on the supernatural world. This make sense of the biblical image of me as a Christian, face to face with the supernatural world, as the bride, linking himself to Christ, the Bridegroom, so that he, the crucified, risen and glorified Christ, may bring forth fruit through me...
This is the Bible's message, and when we see it so, and are in this framework, rather than the naturalistic one (which comes in so easily upon us) the teaching that Christ as the bridegroom will bring forth fruit through me ceases to be strange. The Bible insists that we live in reality in a supernatural universe. But if we remove the objective reality of the supernatural universe in any area, this great reality of Christ the Bridebgroom bringing forth fruit through us, immediately falls to the floor, and all that Christianty is at such a point is a psychological and sociological aid, a tool; and that is all. So as soon as we remove the s upernaturalness of the u nivesre, all we have left is Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, in which religion is to be simply a sociological tool for the future. In Huxley's concept of romantic evolutionary humanism, religion has a place, not because there is any truth in it, but because in the strange evolutionary formation, man as he now is simply needs it...Remove the supernatural from the universe, in thinking and in action, and there is nothing left but Honest to God [a book by Robinson], which deals only with the fact of anthropology, and has nothing to say to questions of the reality of communicating with God...All the reality of Christianity rests upon the reality of the existence of a personal God, and the reality of the supernatural view of the total universe.

Death by Leadership

I quote from Mintzberg's latest book "Managing"

By the excessive promotion of leadership, we demote everyone else. We create clusters of followers who have to be driven to perform, instead of leveraging the natural propensity of people to cooperate in communities. In this light, effective managing can be seen as engaging and engaged, connecting and connected, supporting and supported.

How different this is from the tired rhetoric I hear too often in church circles about 'leaders' and 'leadership'. Also, how remarkably congruent with the community life extolled in the New Testament.

But, what gives me pause for thought is that this challenge to the hollowness of 'leadership' as a notion did not come from a bible-based Christian critique of business, management, the treatment of people in organisations or the like: that is, the church being prophetically attunded to the scriptures, but from a scholar who simply seeks to go where the data and his observations lead him.

I often wonder what we pay theologians for...and suspect that we get a very poor return for our investment on some occasions!

What about evolution?

In a blog on the crusades, Peter Bolt made this statement:

Now, during my high school Scripture teaching years, I often had a formally parallel question thrown at me: “What about evolution?” After this gauntlet was thrown down with appropriately monotonous frequency, I honed an equally monotonous answer: “Well, what about evolution?”

Now, I'm glad he did scripture teaching at high school: a great mission activity, but on the surface it's a lame answer: more than monotonous Peter!

The question is one often thrown up, at least implicitly, in many conversations and writings. The not very sub-text of the question is: evolution eliminates the need for, if not the reality of supernatural explanations for the cosmos and life within it. Therefore, the questioner must believe, the Christian explanation, which is supernatural, fails and so thus fails the entire Christian program.

Beneath all this is of course the never articulated understanding that naturalism explains the basic reality of our lives: there is material; and that is all. It and natural processes are comprehensively explanatory at every level (bang goes philosophical idealism, of course, but I'd be pretty pleased about that particular side-effect).

The answer to the question is of course, not to say that the Biblical account of origins and evolutionary speculations can co-exist, because they can't and if it is suggested then it amounts to saying that the Biblical account is symbolic or metaphorical, but for the reality we go to evolution, but evolution is definitive and that eliminates the biblical explanation which only garners its force from materialist postulations and is therefore derivative and not definitive!

What is the answer then?

Well, I think it is to take naturalism to its end point: if material is all there is, and evoultion is true, then final questions can only be material and give us no answers, but leave us where we started, with only a causal chain between! That is, we've gotten nowhere. So the assertion disappears in a puff of its own logic.

But the biblical view is that final questions are personal, and are important as they tell us who we are (not material, and with real significance in real relationships) and by genesis who we are like and made by and therefore for fellowship with. Love has significance. In a material world, it is just a stochastic conjunction of particles.

Pain is a problem?

In Spectrum the other week was a fabulous article on 'Pain', by Elizabeth Farrelly. She referred to C. S. Lewis' book 'The Problem of Pain', where Lewis says a few things of interest. One is that pain is essential to justice. I disagree. Undoing the benifits of wrong is the essence of justice. I think he's referring to 'the wages of sin is death'; God's judgement on the movement of man in denial of God. That's different. Death is the antithesis of God's action in creation, and represents the outcome of the rejection of God's relation with his creation. Pain results and is the great marker of a creation in crisis. To that extent, Lewis' metaphor of pain being God's megaphone telling us that we are not a-right in a life framed by our own ends, is, I think, apt.

One 'benefit' that does come from pain is that people show thier nobility in insisting by their action that (a) pain is not to be accepted, but worked against (thus the floods of aid to Haiti, etc.), because it is not a right part of our lives, but a part of things-gone-wrong, and (b) that people in the face of personal pain will often fight against it and its effects. But in and of itself, pain has nothing to commend it. It is a marker of death, and death is the last enemy which Christ has done away with.

[I seem to recall Pannenberg writing that all fear is fear of death...how close this is to fear of pain, that which motivates us to avoid it!]

Doing things by slogan

As I was reflecting on the design and management of the 'Connect09' effort which the Diocese undertook last year, I came across this blog entry on the danger of 'management by slogan'.

I wonder to what extent C09 was the result of an analysis of the system deficiencies that lead to the need to connect, and what system changes were made to correct the deficiencies. Unfortunately,  my experience of C09 is that it amounted to substantial amounts of 'more of the same' which did nothing to either analyse or correct that which has broken the connections between the Anglican church and the community which I saw in existance in the 1960s and 1970s.

What, I wonder, happened?

Leading from the back

In a recent church news the following quote was printed:

Asked what would be his priority if he returned to leadership in a local church, New Testament scholar Gordon Fee replied: "No matter how long it might take, I would set about with a single passion to help a local body of believers recapture the New Testament church's understanding of itself as an eschatological community (The Ordinary Hero by Tim Chester, p. 165).

Now, there it is...'leadership' in a local church? I'm glad that Fee had the sense to realise that if he returned to serve a local church his job would be to HELP in some way. So often we take the notion of 'leader' from the world, maybe from the military, and think it has some application in the church.

An example of how this skews things came from a friend recently. She related how an acquaintance was over-awed by being asked to take on the leadership of a particular group. I'd be surprised if she was told what she would be expected to do, but being told it was 'leading' would be enough to give anyone the jitters if it was not stripped of worldly connotations; she would possibly have known that it is the Spirit that leads and we all follow together contributing as our gifts can provide.

It would have been more useful if she had been asked to help with the __ group. And the dimensions of that helping given to her: maybe organising the roster, helping people prepare their own contributions, finding fill-ins when someone can't do their roster, be the contact point, etc. More like convening, facilitating, organising, or just plain helping (Gordon Fee's word). My earlier post on Mintzberg on 'leading' is apposite here.

When we start to think 'ministry' and not 'leader' we'll all be better off, and as Christians we might all be encouraged that we have a part to play in the life of the church and not just sit and watch, which is what 'leaders' so often engender and the concept in its worldly configuration suggests.

BTW, I was very encouraged to hear a person who was going to serve at a remote area church talk about the 'contribution' he hoped to make: a much more Christian conceptualisation of joining the life of a church than any worldly hubristic notions of 'leading' (and, please don't start me on the oxymoronic idea of 'servant-leader')

Bible refs on gun sights

In response to the news of Bible references being inscribed on pieces of military weaponry, a minister at my church penned the following (in part) in our weekly bulletin:

The message is so wrong on so many levels. When will we learn that this sort of misguided tokenism only increases our fascination with the notion that God is somehow on our side. And this is wrong. It is never a matter of whose side God is on; what a bizarre thought if we really stop and think about it. Oh that we would remember that God is sovereign over the whole earth and that he is working out his plans and purposes. The real question for us is whose side are we on; God’s or our own?...

Because Jesus came to turn our world upside down and inside out; he knew that what is displayed on the outside of our lives has its genesis in what is going on inside. Is Jesus glorified by what is etched on a gun or by a changed life? Think on these verses:

Our thoughts. Finally, brethren, whatever is true, whatever is honourable, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is of good repute, if there is any excellence and if anything worthy of praise, dwell on these things. Phil 4:8

Our attitudes. Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus, who, although He existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men. Being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross.   Phil 2:5-8

Our lives: A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another, even as I have loved you, that you also love one another. By this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another.  John 13:34-35

Our speech: et no unwholesome word proceed from your mouth, but only such a word as is good for edification according to the need of the moment, so that it will give grace to those who hear… but sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts, always being ready to make a defense to everyone who asks you to give an account for the hope that is in you, yet with gentleness and reverence; Eph 4:29, 1 Petr 3:15.

The external will always reflect what is going on inside. If our thoughts and attitudes are not being shaped by God then why would we ever think that our lives and speech will be? There is an order here. Let’s not be fascinated with guns and etched verses—the real question is how is God shaping our thoughts and attitudes so that we love one another and are always ready to tell others of the wonderful hope we have in Jesus. For in this way only will our world see that Jesus is indeed the light of the world (John 8:12).